TEMPLATES
                                          IN C++
                                                        -Sanchit Karve
                                                         born2c0de@hotmail.com






                                        INTRODUCTION



         Before I start this tutorial I assume that you have a Working Knowledge
         of OOP in C++. Without this, the tutorial will be of no use to you.


This tutorial shows you how to Reuse Code, Save Typing Time, Prevent Time Spent on
Debugging and saving source-code space.


OK.Let me take a common example. The gr8 min() function returns the value which
is lowest from the given two arguments.I shall show two examples now.One without
Templates and one with Templates.Here is the first program.



#include <iostream.h>

int min(int a,int b)
{
  return (a < b)?a:b;
}

float min(float a,float b)
{
  return (a < b)?a:b;
}

char min(char a,char b)
{
  return (a < b)?a:b;
}


void main()
{
 int a=10,b=5;
 cout<<min(a,b)<<'\n';
 char p='A',q='Z';
 cout<<min(p,q)<<'\n';
 float z=1.91,x=3.98;
 cout<<min(z,x)<<'\n';
}


OUTPUT:

5
A
1.91


Function Overloading doesn't help much as far as typing time and source space is
concerned.Also if you find an error in one such function,you have to correct it
in all the other functions as well.With Templates all the work becomes a lot
easier.Let's see the Templated Version now...

#include <iostream.h>

template <class T>
T min(T a,T b)
{
  return (a < b)?a:b;
}

void main()
{
 int a=10,b=5;
 cout<<min(a,b)<<'\n';
 char p='A',q='Z';
 cout<<min(p,q)<<'\n';
 float z=1.91,x=3.98;
 cout<<min(z,x)<<'\n';
}

Same Output.Nearly the same Executable size.But what we have achieved is that
the time we take to type the code is reduced.The code looks more readable and
incase there is an error just correcting it here will make the change for all
data types accessing this function.

Let me explain what happens at compile time.When the Function us first called 
with this:
cout<<min(a,b);   //a and b are int's

It goes to the function min(). Now T is the value that will be substituted with 
the data type of the parameter.So here T will be int.So Dynamically the Function 
Declaration becomes like this...
int min(int a,int b)

In the second case T takes the form of a char and so on...The Compiler on every 
call still has to generate seperate functions for each data type but what we are 
saving are typing time and debugging ease.

Some of you might wonder....what if we want all data-types to access a templated 
function except one? Like for example in a abs() function we would like all data 
types to access it except a char data-type.What do we do then?Well in such a
case we override the function call like this...

template <class T>
int abs(T no)
{
  return (no<0)?(no*-1):no;
}

void abs(char a){}

This way even if accidentaly a char data type is used as a parameter to the abs
function..the overloaded function gets called...not the Templated version.

What if we wanted a multi-parametered Templated Function? Here is the Syntax

template <class T,class Q>
void function(T item,Q data){}

You now know enough of Function Templates.Now it's time to move onto Class
Templates.



OK.Now let us assume that we have a Stack class(Data Structure) that is capable
of storing only int's. Now suppose you want it to store float's as well.You
would normally write the whole class again by Copy/Pasting the Previous class
and make the necessary Changes.But hey,There is a much better alternative.Using 
templates, you can manage just one class that handles different data-types.That 
way even if you find an error in your class,fixing it will make changes to all 
the data-types. Here is an example of a templated stack data structure.


#include <dos.h>           // For sleep()
#include <iostream.h>     // For I/0
#include <windows.h>     // FOR MessageBox() API
#include <conio.h>

#define MAX 10        // MAXIMUM STACK CONTENT

template <class T>    // Using Templates so that any type of data can be
           				// stored in Stack without multiple defination of class
class stack
{

  protected:

  T arr[MAX];       // Contains all the Data

  public:
    T item,r;
    int top;        //Contains location of Topmost Data pushed onto Stack
	 stack()         //Constructor
	  {
		  for(int i=0;i<MAX;i++)
			{
			  arr[i]=NULL;             //Initialises all Stack Contents to NULL
			}

		  top=-1;      //Sets the Top Location to -1 indicating an empty stack
	  }

	void push(T a)  // Push ie. Add Value Function
	 {
		top++;        // increment to by 1
		if(top<MAX)
		 {
			arr[top]=a;          //If Stack is Vacant store Value in Array
		 }
		 else    // Bug the User
		 {
			MessageBox(0,"STACK IS FULL","STACK WARNING!",MB_ICONSTOP);
			top--;
		 }
	 }

	T pop()                  // Delete Item. Returns the deleted item
	 {
		if(top==-1)
		{
			MessageBox(0,"STACK IS EMPTY\n","WARNING",MB_ICONSTOP);
			return NULL;
		}
		else
		{
			T data=arr[top];     //Set Topmost Value in data
			arr[top]=NULL;       //Set Original Location to NULL
			top--;               // Decrement top by 1
			return data;         // Return deleted item
		}
	 }
};


void main()
{
 stack <int>a;    // Create object of class a with int Template
 int opt=1;
 while (opt!=3)
 {
 clrscr();
 cout<<" MAX STACK CAPACITY="<<((MAX-a.top)-1)<<"\n\n\n\n";
 cout<<"1) Push Item\n";
 cout<<"2) Pop Item\n";
 cout<<"3) Exit\n\n";
 cout<<"Option?";
 cin>>opt;
 switch(opt)
 {
  case 1:
  cout<<"Which Number should be pushed?";
  cin>>a.item;
  a.push(a.item);
  break;

  case 2:
  a.r=a.pop();
  cout<<"Item popped from Stack is:"<<a.r<<endl;
  sleep(2);
  break;
 }
 }
 }
 
 
 
 Everything looks similiar except an object declaration
        stack <int> s1;
        means that the value T is substituted by int. User-Defined Data Types 
        can also be used provided the required overloaded operator functions are 
        present.
        
        In case if we define the class functions outside the templated class,the 
        syntax changes a bit.For a Constructor:
        template <class T>
        stack <T>::stack()
        {
        //Code
        }
        
        Yes,we have to define that template thing everytime we write a function 
        outside the class.But if a function returns an object of the same 
        templated class the syntax would be like this:
        stack <T> stack <T>::func(int data)
        {
        //code
        }
        
        
        Templates can also have pre-defined values like this:
        template <class T,const int max=10>
        class stack
        {
          private:
          T data[max];
          //rest of the members...
        };
        
        
        Templates can be inherited as well like this:
        class newstack:public stack<T>
        {
         //members...
        };
        
        
        That's all about templates.If you use Templates Frequently you will save 
        a lot of typing and debugging time.
        
        
        Suggestions\Querys can be brought to my notice at born2c0de@hotmail.com
        
        
        HAVE FUN CODING!!!
        
        
        
        
        
        -Sanchit Karve
         born2c0de@hotmail.com